Uyilo lwezacholo luhlala lusondelelene nemvelaphi yembali yoluntu kunye nobugcisa bexesha elithile, kunye notshintsho ngophuhliso lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nenkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Ngokomzekelo, imbali yobugcisa baseNtshona ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwisitayela saseByzantine, iBaroque, iRococo.
Ubucwebe besitayela saseByzantine
Iimpawu: umsebenzi ovulekileyo ohonjisiweyo wegolide kunye nesilivere, amatye anqabileyo akhazimlisiweyo, anombala oqinileyo wenkolo.
UBukhosi baseByzantium, obaziwa ngokuba buBukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma, babusaziwa ngokurhweba ngezixa zesinyithi namatye anqabileyo. Ukususela kwinkulungwane yesine ukuya kweyeshumi elinesihlanu, iByzantium yayinobutyebi obuninzi basebukhosini, kwaye uthungelwano lwayo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwandayo lwanika amatye anqabileyo aseByzantine ukufikelela ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwigolide namatye anqabileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, itekhnoloji yokulungisa ubucwebe boBukhosi bamaRoma aseMpuma nayo yafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Isimbo sobugcisa esizuzwe eRoma. Ngasekupheleni koBukhosi baseRoma, iintlobo ezintsha zezacholo ezinemibala zaqala ukubonakala, ukubaluleka kokuhlobisa kwamatye anqabileyo kwaqala ukudlula igolide, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, isilivere ye-ebonite yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Igolide kunye nesilivere ye-skeletonization yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zobucwebe baseByzantine. Enye yezona ndlela zidumileyo zokusetyenzwa kwegolide eByzantium yayibizwa ngokuba yi-opusinterrasile, eyayikukwenza i-skeletonize igolide ukuze yenze iipateni ezithambileyo nezineenkcukacha ezinesiphumo esinamandla soncedo, ubuchule obabudumile ixesha elide ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesithathu ye-AD.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10 AD, ubuchule be-burin enameling baphuhliswa. Ubucwebe baseByzantine bazisa ukusetyenziswa kobu buchule, obubandakanya ukukrazula ipateni ehlaziyiweyo ngokuthe ngqo kwitayara lesinyithi, ukugalela i-enamel kuyo ukwenza umfanekiso ubonakale kwintsimbi, kwaye uphelise ukusetyenziswa kwemvelaphi egcweleyo, ukuya kwinqanaba layo.
Amatye amakhulu anemibala abekwe. Umsebenzi welitye elinqabileyo laseByzantine libonisa amatye akhazimlisiweyo, ajikeke okwesiqingatha semijikelo, amatye anomqolo osicaba (cabochons) abekwe kwigolide enomngxuma, enokukhanya okungena kumatye ajijekileyo asisangqa ukukhupha imibala yamatye, kunye nokucaca okupheleleyo kwekristale yamatye, ngendlela ephucukileyo kunye nesitayile sobunewunewu.
Ngombala oqinileyo wenkolo. Ngenxa yokuba isitayile sobugcisa baseByzantine sivela kubuKristu, ngoko ke umnqamlezo okanye unesilwanyana sokomoya unokuqheleka kwizacholo zesitayile saseByzantine.
Ixesha le-Baroque ubucwebe isitayela
Iimpawu: ubungangamsha, udlamkile, unamandla kwaye udlamkile, ngelixa uphuphuma sisidima kunye nobuhandiba, ubunewunewu nobungangamsha.
Isitayela seBaroque, esaqala eFransi ngexesha likaLouis XIV, sinobuhle kwaye buhle. Ngelo xesha, kwakukwixesha lophuhliso lwenzululwazi yendalo kunye nokuhlolwa kwehlabathi elitsha, ukunyuka kodidi oluphakathi lwaseYurophu, ukuqiniswa kobukhosi obuphakathi, kunye nomzabalazo wentshukumo yoHlaziyo. Uyilo olumele kakhulu lwezacholo zeBaroque yi-Sévgé bowknot, ubucwebe bokuqala be-bowknot, owazalwa phakathi kwekhulu le-17. Umbhali ongumFrentshi uMadame de Sévigé (1626-96) wenza olu hlobo lwezacholo lwathandwa.
I-necklace echazwe ngasentla ibonisaukwenza enameling, inkqubo eqhelekileyo kwiingubo zeBaroque. Ukudubula kwemibala eyahlukeneyo ye-enamel kwigolide kwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 njengento entsha yobugcisa eyenziwe nguJeweler ogama linguJean Toutin (1578-1644).
Isitayela se-baroque yobucwebe kaninzi sinobuhle obuqinileyo be-agora, obungahambelani nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-enamel. Oku kwakuxa i-enamel ethambileyo yayisoloko ifumaneka ngaphambili nangasemva kwezacholo.
Ubuchwephesha obunemibala bufaneleka ngakumbi ekubonakalisweni kweentyatyambo, kwaye kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-17, kwakukho intyatyambo eyenze ukuba lonke iYurophu ibilise kwaye ikhumbule. Imvelaphi yaseHolland, le ntyatyambo yayisisityhilelo eFransi: i-tulip.
Ngenkulungwane ye-17, ii-tulipyayiluphawu loluntu oluphakamileyo, yaye ngeyona mali ibiza kakhulu, ibhalbhu yetulip yayinokutshintshwa isetyenziswe kwindlu yonke.
Eli xabiso ngokuqinisekileyo linyusiwe, ngoku sinegama lokuchaza le meko, ebizwa ngokuba yi-bubble, yiqamza, ngokuqinisekileyo liya kugqabhuka. Kungekudala emva kokuba i-bubble yaphulwa, ixabiso lee-tulip bulbs laqala igalikhi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "tulip bubble".
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, i-tulips ibe yinkwenkwezi yobucwebe be-baroque.
Ngokumalunga nokusetwa, eli yayiselixesha apho iidayimani zazibekwa kwigolide, kwaye ungasijongeli phantsi intsimbi esetyenziselwa ukuseta iidayimani, kuba ngenkulungwane ye-18 iidayimani ezisetiweyo zegolide zazisiya zisiba mbalwa yaye zingaxhaphakanga kwizacholo zesimbo seRococo.
Ubucwebe beli xesha inani elikhulu letafileukusika idayimani, oko kukuthi, ilitye elikrwada ledayimani ye-octahedral elisikwe kwincam, yidayimani yamandulo enefaceted.
Ke ubucwebe obuninzi be-baroque xa ujonga ifoto iya kufumanisa ukuba idayimani ijongeka imnyama, enyanisweni, ingengombala wedayimani ngokwawo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iifiyidi zimbalwa kakhulu, ukusuka kumphambili wedayimani ukuya ekukhanyeni akunakubakho kumxholo wemixholo yokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo ukusuka ngaphambili kubonakaliswe ngasemva. Ngoko ke umzobo unokubona kwakhona ezininzi iidayimani "ezimnyama", isizathu siyafana.
Kubugcisa besitayile sobucwebe, iBaroque ibonelela ngezi mpawu zilandelayo: ubungangamsha, udlamko, ukubaleka okuqinileyo, ngelixa uphuphuma bubunewunewu kunye nobuhandiba obundilisekileyo, ngaphantsi kwenkolo. Gxininisa kwindlela yokusebenza yangaphandle, ugxininisa uhlobo lotshintsho kunye nomoya wokunikezela.
Ngexesha lokugqibela, isitayile somsebenzi sithambekele ngakumbi kwi-pompous, i-vulgar kunye nemibalabala, kwaye yaqala ukungawuhoyi umxholo wokubonisa okunzulu kunye nokusebenza okuthambileyo. Isitayile seBaroque sasemva kwexesha siveze isitayile seRococo kwezinye iinkalo.
Isitayile sobucwebe beRococo
Iimpawu: ubufazi, i-asymmetry, ukuthamba, ukukhaphukhaphu, ubumnandi, ubumnandi kunye nobunzima, i-"C"-shaped, "S"-shaped curves.
Iimpawu: ubufazi, i-asymmetry, ukuthamba, ukukhaphukhaphu, ubumnandi, ubumnandi kunye nobunzima, i-"C"-shaped, "S"-shaped curves.
"I-Rococo" (i-Rococo) ukusuka kwigama lesiFrentshi elithi rocaille, elithetha imihlobiso yamatye okanye iqokobhe, kwaye kamva eli gama libhekiselele kwimihlobiso yamatye kunye neqokobhe lembaza njengeempawu zesitayile sobugcisa. Ukuba isitayile seBaroque sifana nendoda, isitayile seRococo sifana nowasetyhini.
UKumkanikazi uMarie waseFransi wayengumlandeli omkhulu wobugcisa beRococo kunye nobucwebe.
Ngaphambi koKumkani uLouis XV, isitayela se-baroque sasingumxholo oyintloko wenkundla, inzulu kwaye i-classical, i-atmosphere inobungangamsha, ukuxelela amandla elizwe. Embindini wenkulungwane ye-18, ushishino norhwebo lwaseFransi lwakhula ngamandla lwaza lwaba lelona lizwe lihambele phambili kakhulu eYurophu, ngaphandle kwaseNgilani. Iimeko zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubela phambili yobomi bezinto eziphathekayo, ukuphuhliswa kwe-rococo kubekwe isiseko, iinkosana kunye nezikhulu zezobunewunewu, kuzo zonke iindawo zaseFransi zakha ibhotwe elihle, kwaye umhlobiso walo wangaphakathi ubuyisela umva we-baroque ubunewunewu obumangalisayo, obonisa iimpawu zenkundla yokunyuka kwabasetyhini, oko kukuthi, kugxininise kwiteyiphu ebomvu kunye nefuthe elihle, elihle kunye nelobuhle. Isitayile seRococo eneneni kukubunjwa kwesitayile seBaroque esiguqulwe ngamabom kwisiphumo esingenakuthintelwa.
UKumkani uLouis XV waphumelela etroneni, ngoFebruwari 1745 ngenye imini wadibana nokuthanda kwakhe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini yothando lokwenene - uNksk Pompadour, ngulo uNksk Pompadour wavula isimbo seRococo kwixesha elitsha.
Isitayile sobucwebe be-Rococo siphawulwa ngolu hlobo: olubhityileyo, olukhanyayo, oluhle kunye nokuhombisa okucokisekileyo, okunobume obungakumbi be-C, imilo emile okwe-S kunye ne-scroll-shaped curves kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo yokwakheka kokuhombisa.
I-Rococo Art Deco izoba isitayile sokuhombisa saseTshayina, isiFrentshi esisuka kwiigophe ezithambileyo zaseTshayina, i-porcelain yaseTshayina kunye neetafile kunye nezitulo kunye neekhabhathi ukufumana impembelelo.
Iipateni zazingasalawulwa zizithixo, iisimboli zonqulo kunye ne-regal, kodwa zizinto zendalo ze-asymmetrical ezifana namagqabi, izithsaba kunye nemidiliya.
Ukuqulunqwa kwesitayela seRococo ngokwenene sisitayela seBaroque esiguqulwe ngamabomu kwisiphumo esingenakuphepheka. Ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nesitayela sobucwebe be-rococo kunye nabahlobo besitayela sobugcisa, bacetyiswa ukuba babone ifilimu emele "Umboniso Omkhulu". Ifilimu yonke ukusuka kwizinto zokugqoka ukuya kwiingubo zokuhombisa zangaphakathi zibonisa kakhulu iimpawu kunye nomtsalane wesitayela se-rococo.
Ubucwebe besitayela seRococo zenziwe ngenani elikhulu leedayimani ezisikiwe, ezibonakaliswa ngesiseko esicaba kunye neenkalo ezinxantathu.
Esi sitayile sinembonakalo entle sahlala sisefashonini de kwamalunga nee-1820s, xa sathi satshintshwa sisikwa esidala sasemgodini, kodwa asizange sinyamalale ngokupheleleyo, kwaye sonwabele imvuselelo ngeminyaka yoo-1920, ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100 kamva.
Ishishini lezacholo lachaphazeleka kanobom ngokuqhambuka kweMvukelo yaseFransi ngowe-1789. Yandula ke indoda encinane yaseSicily yaba nguMlawuli waseFransi, ibe lowo yayinguNapoleon. Wayelangazelela uzuko lwangaphambili loBukhosi baseRoma, kwaye isitayile serococo yobufazi ngokuthe ngcembe sarhoxa kwinqanaba lembali.
Ngaphezulu kwesitayile sezacholo ezingaqondakaliyo kunye ezintle, zineendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zikwavumela umntu ukuba azive enye okanye enye, ngakumbi iBaroque kunye neRococo - inkundla yeBaroque, iRococo entle. Kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, indlela yabo yobugcisa, ibe nempembelelo enkulu kubaqulunqi ukususela ngoko.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-03-2024